打算去日本旅游。这是我的准备笔记

一、签证

签证类别

签证所需材料（以单次旅游签证为例）
护照（有效期至少6个月，含至少一页空白页）
签证申请表（贴上近期白底彩色照片）
户口本复印件（整本）
身份证复印件
在职证明（用公司抬头纸盖章，写明职位、收入、联系方式等）
财力证明（任选一项）：
银行存款证明（5万元以上，冻结3个月）
工资流水单（最近6个月）
房产/车辆证明
往返机票预订单、酒店预订单
行程安排表
若通过旅行社代办，旅行社会协助你准备部分材料。

 多次签证要求

 年收入在25万人民币以上（税单或银行流水/收入证明）
持有日本或欧美等发达国家签证且有出入境记录
曾经访问过日本并按时离境、记录良好
提供充足资金证明（50万以上存款等）

https://www.shanghai.cn.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_zh/visa_c.html

二、景点、游记

一、WMF高压锅食谱

二、WMF高压锅与普通高压锅的区别

Basic Gestures (One and Two Fingers)

Multi-Finger Gestures (Three and Four Fingers)

 How to Customize Trackpad Settings

1. Go to System Settings (or System Preferences on older macOS)

2. Click Trackpad

3. You'll see tabs like:

   • Point & Click

   • Scroll & Zoom

   • More Gestures

4. You can:

   • Turn gestures on/off

   • Change tracking speed

   • Watch little demo videos inside each section!

🔹 1. Apple’s Official Trackpad Tutorial (Short & Clean)

📺 YouTube: Apple - Mac Trackpad Gestures
🕐 Length: ~2 minutes
📌 Covers the basics like click, right-click, scroll, zoom, swipe between desktops, and more. Simple, visual, and easy to follow.

🔹 2. "MacBook Trackpad Gestures You Should Know" by Brandon Butch

📺 YouTube: MacBook Trackpad Gestures
🕐 Length: ~8 minutes
📌 A very clear walkthrough of both basic and advanced gestures. Great for beginners and intermediate users.

🔹 3. "Hidden MacBook Trackpad Tricks" by MacMost

📺 YouTube: MacMost Advanced Gestures
🕐 Length: ~10 minutes
📌 Shows lesser-known features and customization tricks using macOS Settings + third-party apps.

✅ Bonus: Want to Try It as You Watch?

Open System Settings → Trackpad, keep that window open, and test each gesture while watching the video. You’ll see demo videos inside macOS too!

肯德基土豆泥在家制作的核心步骤是：先将土豆去皮切块蒸熟，然后压成泥，加入黄油和牛奶搅拌均匀，再淋上特制的调味汁，最后撒上黑胡椒。具体做法如下：

1. 准备材料：

2. • 土豆3个（去皮切块）

   • 牛奶约1汤匙（15ml）

   • 黄油1汤匙

   • 盐适量

   • 调味汁材料：水250ml，玉米淀粉1汤匙，糖1汤匙，蚝油1汤匙，黑胡椒粉半汤匙，盐半茶匙

3. 制作步骤：

4. • 将切块的土豆用蒸锅蒸约20分钟，直到土豆变软。

   • 蒸熟后趁热用压泥工具将土豆压成细腻的土豆泥。

   • 加入黄油和牛奶，撒入适量盐，搅拌均匀，使土豆泥绵软细腻且带奶香。

   • 制作调味汁：将水、玉米淀粉、糖、蚝油、黑胡椒和盐混合，放锅中小火加热并不断搅拌，直到酱汁变浓稠。

   • 将调味汁淋在土豆泥上，最后撒一点黑胡椒提升风味。

5. 摆盘：

6. • 可以将土豆泥放入碗中压实，再倒扣在盘中，淋上酱汁即可。

这种做法可以还原肯德基土豆泥的绵软、奶香和特别的酱汁味道，适合在家轻松制作。

简单一句话总结：蒸熟土豆压泥，拌入黄油和牛奶，淋上由玉米淀粉和蚝油调成的浓郁酱汁，即得肯德基风味土豆泥。  

英文版

To make KFC-style mashed potatoes, follow these key steps based on popular copycat recipes:

1. Ingredients:
   • Russet potatoes (about 4 large or 3 pounds medium)
   • Salt for boiling water and seasoning
   • Butter (around 1/2 cup or 6 tablespoons)
   • Heavy cream and whole milk (about 2/3 cup cream and 3/4 cup milk)
   • White or black pepper to taste
2. Preparation:
   • Peel and dice potatoes into even chunks.
   • Boil the potatoes in salted water until very tender (about 10-20 minutes).
   • Drain and let them steam dry briefly.
   • Warm butter, cream, and milk together until butter melts but do not boil.
   • Use a potato ricer or masher to mash potatoes finely.
   • Gently fold the hot cream mixture into the mashed potatoes.
   • Season with salt and pepper to taste.
   • Avoid overmixing to keep potatoes fluffy rather than gluey.
3. Additional notes:
   • Some recipes suggest using a ricer for a smoother texture.
   • The creamy texture depends on balancing butter and cream with the potatoes.
   • Serve with gravy typical of KFC mashed potatoes for authenticity.

This method replicates the smooth, creamy, and rich mashed potatoes served at KFC.

If you want detailed measurements and stepwise instructions, one useful recipe includes:

• 4 large Russet potatoes peeled and diced
• 1 tablespoon kosher salt for boiling
• 1/2 cup salted butter
• 2/3 cup heavy cream
• 1/2 teaspoon white pepper
• 1 teaspoon salt for seasoning
  Boil potatoes, drain, warm butter-cream mixture, mash with a ricer, then mix gently.

Another popular version uses 3 pounds of potatoes with 3 teaspoons salt, 3/4 cup milk, 1/2 cup heavy cream, 6 tablespoons butter, and black pepper, cooked and combined similarly.

This should enable you to successfully recreate KFC mashed potatoes at home.

链接 

• JF Japanese e-Learning Minato
  • 日本国际交流基金会出品，课程体系权威，从零基础到进阶全部覆盖，支持英语教学说明，可以与全球学习者互相交流，非常适合希望系统学习的人。
  • 网址：https://minato-jf.jp
  • 特色：在线互动社区、课程类型多样，所有功能都在网页上操作，无需下载。
• Renshuu (login with Google， 苹果手机下载了app， 很棒。)
  • 游戏化练习+词汇表+语法解析+自定义测试、JLPT备考、日常日语都有对应栏目，界面活泼有趣，全部浏览器操作。
  • 网址：https://renshuu.org
  • 特色：自由调节学习内容进度，适合喜欢碎片化学习和游戏化体验的英语用户。
  • 
• Jisho
  • 操作极简的在线日英日典，查单词、例句和汉字笔顺，适合所有学习阶段。
  • 网址：https://jisho.org
  • 特色：词典之外还有例句检索、部首、手写输入等实用工具，无需注册即可使用。
• NHK WORLD-JAPAN “Easy Japanese”
  • 日本权威媒体NHK推出，完全免费，有英语讲解的视频和音频会话，教材PDF可直接网页下载。
  • 网址：https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/learnjapanese/
  • 特色：内容生活化，适合入门和提升听力。
• Tofugu
  • 长期被推荐的日语学习门户，文化+语言并重，语法点讲解通俗易懂，全部内容网页浏览。
  • 网址：https://www.tofugu.com
  • 特色：特别适合英语用户理解日语初学和日本文化。
• Tae Kim’s Guide to Learning Japanese
  • 有名的日语语法在线教程，系统梳理语法，由浅入深，适合自学型学霸。
  • 网址：https://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/
  • 特色：全部免费，网页浏览，讲解全为英语。
• WaniKani (gmail/xl)
  • 针对记忆汉字和词汇，用间隔复习法帮助英语用户快速识字，完全网页版。
  • 网址：https://www.wanikani.com
  • 特色：适合专项突破日语汉字和词汇。
  • 
•  

这些网站全部支持PC和手机浏览器在线访问——不需要你下载任何APP，直接用英语环境学日语，内容专业多样。可以根据自己的兴趣和水平自由组合使用。

Talen Energy Corporation (ticker: TLN) is a leading independent power producer and energy infrastructure company based in Houston, Texas. It owns and operates approximately 10.7 gigawatts (GW) of power generation assets across the United States, with a diverse portfolio including nuclear, natural gas, coal, oil, and renewable power plants123.

1. https://www.talenenergy.com
2. https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/tln/company/
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talen_Energy
4. https://www.investing.com/equities/talen-energy-corp-company-profile
5. https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/TLN.OQ/profile
6. https://ir.talenenergy.com/news-releases/news-release-details/talen-energy-expands-and-enhances-portfolio-best-class-ccgt
7. https://ir.talenenergy.com
8. https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/TLN/profile/
9. https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/TLN/
10. https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=TLN%3ANSQ

2025-07-18公司市场表现：上涨 46.63%

Stem, Inc. (ticker: STEM) is a leading AI-driven software and services company specializing in clean energy management. Headquartered in San Francisco, it primarily serves commercial, industrial, and utility customers worldwide by helping them plan, deploy, and operate renewable energy and energy storage assets.

Main Business Areas

- AI-Powered Energy Management Software: Stem’s core product is the Athena® platform, which uses advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to optimize energy storage and consumption in real time. It enables predictive energy dispatch, load forecasting, and participation in grid services.

- Energy Storage Systems: Stem integrates lithium-ion battery systems with its software to support capabilities such as demand charge management, peak shaving, backup power, and grid stabilization.

- Renewable Energy Asset Management: The company manages distributed energy resources, including solar and wind projects, offering development, engineering, and operational support to maximize asset performance.

- Energy Trading and Grid Services: Stem aggregates its energy storage capacities to participate in wholesale electricity markets, providing frequency regulation, demand response, and other grid services.

- Complementary Software Solutions: Including PowerTrack, a platform delivering real-time monitoring, energy insights, and reporting for customers’ energy assets.

Market Position and Scale

- Stem manages approximately 275 MW of battery storage capacity and oversees around 1,200 distributed energy resource sites with a combined capacity exceeding 350 MW across North America.

- The company partners with over 40 utilities across multiple states, serving a diverse customer base encompassing manufacturing, retail, utilities, renewable project developers, and energy investors.

- Financially, Stem reported $442 million in revenue for fiscal 2024, a 27% increase year-over-year, with software and services representing about 60% of revenue, contributing to improved profitability (gross margin rising from 7% to 17%).

- It holds a substantial backlog of about $1.3 billion (as of end 2024), reflecting strong growth visibility in a rapidly expanding clean energy market.

Competitive Edge

Stem’s leading position is supported by its proprietary AI technology that optimizes energy storage at scale, its integrated software-hardware model, and its ability to deliver significant cost savings (average ~22% energy cost reduction for customers) and sustainability benefits (notably reducing carbon emissions by tens of thousands of metric tons annually).

By combining advanced analytics, real-time optimization, and broad market participation, Stem is recognized as a transformative player enabling the integration and efficient use of renewable energy assets, addressing the evolving needs of grid modernization and decarbonization efforts globally.

[1] https://pitchgrade.com/companies/stem-inc
[2] https://dcfmodeling.com/products/stem-business-model-canvas
[3] https://dcfmodeling.com/blogs/history/stem-history-mission-ownership
[4] https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/stem-inc/
[5] https://www.stem.com
[6] https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/STEM/profile/
[7] https://investors.stem.com/overview/default.aspx
[8] https://www.investing.com/equities/star-peak-energy-transition-company-profile
[9] https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=STEM%3ANYS

公司主页 https://www.stem.com/

公司首页

类似的中国公司

Envision Energy (远景能源)
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL, 宁德时代)
R&B Technology (润邦科技)
DeepSeek AI (platform adopted by State Grid and others)
Trina Solar (天合光能)

These companies share characteristics with Stem by embedding AI and energy storage technologies for optimizing renewable energy integration, grid stability, and commercial/industrial energy efficiency. Envision and CATL are particularly notable for their combined hardware-software energy ecosystems, similar to Stem’s model.

R&B Technology and platforms like DeepSeek represent strong Chinese efforts in AI-driven energy management in commercial buildings and power grid operations, paralleling Stem's AI software services emphasis.

In summary, Envision Energy, CATL, R&B Technology, and DeepSeek AI are among the closest Chinese analogs to Stem, Inc., covering AI-powered energy management, energy storage, and grid services in China’s rapidly growing clean energy sector

• AI assistants: ChatGPT, Grok, Claude, Gemini
• Video generation: Synthesia, Google Veo, OpusClip
• Image generation: GPT-4o, Midjourney
• Meeting assistants: Fathom, Nyota
• Automation: n8n, Manus
• Research: Deep Research, NotebookLM
• Writing: Rytr, Sudowrite
• Search engines: Google AI Mode, Perplexity, ChatGPT search
• Graphic design: Canva Magic Studio, Looka
• App builders & coding tools: Lovable, Cursor
• Knowledge management: Notion Q&A, Guru
• Email: Hubspot Email Writer, Fyxer, Shortwave
• Scheduling: Reclaim, Clockwise
• Presentations: Gamma, Copilot for PowerPoint
• Resume builders: Teal, Kickresume
• Voice generation: ElevenLabs, Murf
• Music generation: Suno, Udio
• Marketing: AdCreative, AirOps

来源： https://www.synthesia.io/post/ai-tools 

p032 

1992年，钱学森致信国务院副总理邹家华，建议国家开展新能源汽车的研究与制造。

 相关资料 https://finance.sina.com.cn/cj/2022-07-29/doc-imizirav5969937.shtml

p092新能源汽车三种电池比较

新能源汽车三大电池类型对比

新能源汽车常用动力电池主要有锂电池、镍氢电池和铅酸电池。三者在性能、成本及应用场景等方面各有优劣，详见下表及要点说明。

主要性能对比表

各类电池特点

锂电池

• 优点：能量密度高、重量轻、循环寿命长、充电效率高、无记忆效应，适合长续航需求的纯电动及插电混动车型。

• 缺点：成本高，对温度和安全管理要求高，极端情况下存在热失控风险。

• 应用：目前新能源汽车主流选择，尤其是乘用车市场。

镍氢电池

• 优点：安全性高、环境友好、循环寿命较长、放电性能稳定，价格适中。

• 缺点：能量密度低于锂电池，体积和重量较大，易自放电。

• 应用：广泛用于混合动力汽车（如丰田普锐斯等），因其高安全性和稳定性。

铅酸电池

• 优点：技术成熟、成本最低、安全性高、可回收利用体系完善。

• 缺点：能量密度最低，体积大、重量重、寿命短、需定期维护，含铅污染环境。

• 应用：主要用于低速电动车、启动电源、部分商用车，逐渐被锂电池替代。

总结与趋势

• **锂电池**已成为新能源汽车动力电池的主流，尤其在追求高续航、轻量化的纯电动和插电混动车型中应用最广。

• **镍氢电池**凭借安全性和稳定性，仍是混合动力汽车（HEV）的重要选择。

• **铅酸电池**因能量密度和寿命劣势，正逐步退出主流动力电池市场，但在成本敏感的低速电动车和辅助用电领域仍有应用。

选择哪种电池类型，主要取决于整车性能需求、成本预算及应用场景。未来，随着技术进步，锂电池的成本有望进一步下降，市场份额将持续扩大。

中国汽车电池企业

p094 

2021年7月，宁德时代发布了全球第1款钠离子电池，能量密度达到 160瓦时/千克。

p097 动力电池的形状包括方形和圆柱形。圆柱形电池技术来自消费类电子产品，如笔记本电脑、手机等。其成本较低，常见型号1865、2170。 2020年9月特斯拉发布4680圆柱形电池，单体能量密度达到300瓦时/千克。

参考阅读  4680 Battery 简介
https://www.evlithium.com/Blog/4680-battery-power-innovation.html

p098 电池管理系统 

电池管理系统将电池组分为低压和高压两部分。低压主要用于整车原有电子和电气系统的供电，包括灯光电动摇窗机，收音机，电子制动系统等，也包括ECU供电，高压用于驱动电机。这里所说的高压是指200到750伏之间，多在400伏左右。

电池管理系统最重要的功能就是管理好成百上千个单体电池，在充电时通过车载充电器给每一个单体电池充电，在充满电后及时关闭。这种过程在慢充的时候比较简单。但在公共充电桩上进行快速充电时过程就比较复杂。一旦充电枪插入汽车，必须及时启动管理系统，先对电池组进行检测，然后先进行大电流快速充电，当快要充满（如识别80%的电量）时，又要及时减小电流，避免对电池造成致命伤害。

一般的电池管理系统只能监测模组或者一个电池区域的温度状况，好的电池管理系统可以精确监测每一个单体电池的温度。

电池管理系统预测剩余电流、故障诊断

p101

新能源汽车驱动电机主要分类：

直流电机
优点：启动扭矩大、控制简单。
缺点：效率较低，需定期维护，寿命受电刷影响。

交流异步电机
优点：结构简单、成本低、可靠性高、耐用。
缺点：控制系统复杂，效率略低于永磁同步电机。

永磁同步电机 PMSM
优点：高效率、高功率密度、体积小、重量轻、响应快，能量回收能力强。
缺点：制造成本较高，对永磁材料依赖大。

参考阅读 永磁同步电机（PMSM）】基本结构与工作原理 https://blog.csdn.net/youcans/article/details/142317992

开关磁阻电机
优点：结构简单、耐高温、可靠性高、成本适中。
缺点：噪音和振动较大，控制复杂。

中国新能源车主流使用的电机类型
永磁同步电机（PMSM）：由于其高效率、高功率密度和优良的动力性能，目前中国主流新能源乘用车大多采用永磁同步电机，尤其在追求续航和动力性能的车型中占据主导地位。

交流异步电机：部分纯电动汽车和商用车（如大巴、物流车等）仍采用交流异步电机，因其成本低、可靠性高。

P102 电控

  新能源汽车的三大核心：电池、电机、电控

  电池

 电机控制器中最重要的元器件是绝缘珊双极晶体管（Instulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, IGBT）,占电机控制器成本的一半左右。占整车成本约10%，在充电桩成本占20%左右。

按电压等级分，IGBT分为低压（600伏到1200），中压（1200到2500）、高压（2500到6500伏），新能源车一般采用中压IGBT.

全球最大的IGBT企业是德国英飞凌公司，其次是三菱、富士等。2008年，株洲中车收购英国丹尼斯半导体公司75%的股权，掌握了IGBT的工艺技术。比亚迪2017年生产出IGBT产品。采用碳化硅（SIC）。这是第三代半导体材料。

p104 废旧电池回收利用

p108 动力电池的规范回收与处理

p109 “电池护照” 

p123 第5章 整车产品八仙过海

p124 插电式混合动力汽车

    中国政府将插电式混合动力归为新能源；而将深度油电混合动力的汽车排除在外。

    日本的丰田和本田发展深度油电混合动力汽车， 1997年，丰田第1代普锐斯油电混合动力，2011年底销量达450万辆。日本在这个领域形成严密的技术壁垒。

    深度油电混合动力的汽车采用两套动力系统，主要驱动力来自发动机，由于配备了一个小的电动机，在汽车高度负荷时，电动机会参与一部分辅助驱动。汽车高负荷时，电动机开始出力；汽车低负荷时，发动机又可以发电，将电能储存在电池中。

    p126， 2012年将深度油电混合动力汽车归纳为节能汽车，将插电混合动力汽车归纳为新能源汽车。

    并在《节能与新能源汽车产业发展规划（2012-2020）》中明确。文件原文。

p130 纯电动汽车

p136 燃料电池汽车

p141 低速电动车

     长度3.5米以下；速度40公里/小时；

p145 新能源商用车：客车

p149 新能源重型卡车

p152 新能源轻型物流车：物流车， 邮政

The top 50

The annual list is compiled based on the votes of the World’s 50 Best Restaurants Academy, which is made up of more than 1,100 international restaurant industry experts including food writers and chefs, in 28 regions around the world.

Restaurants can only win the top prize once, after which they’re entered into a separate “Best of the Best” program.

Members of that elite group include Geranium and Noma in Copenhagen, as well as New York’s Eleven Madison Park, The Fat Duck near London, Osteria Francescana in Modena, Italy, Mirazur in Menton, France and Central of Lima. Last year’s “50 Best Restaurants” winner, Barcelona’s Disfrutar, is also now on that list.

1. Maido (Lima, Peru)

2. Asador Etxebarri (Atxondo, Spain)

3. Quintonil (Mexico City, Mexico)

4. Diverxo (Madrid, Spain)

5. Alchemist (Copenhagen, Denmark)

6. Gaggan (Bangkok, Thailand)

7. Sézanne (Tokyo, Japan)

8. Table by Bruno Verjus (Paris, France)

9. Kjolle (Lima, Peru)

10. Don Julio (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

11. Wing (Hong Kong)

12. Atomix (New York City)

13. Potong (Bangkok)

14. Plénitude (Paris, France)

15. Ikoyi (London, England)

16. Lido 84 (Gardone Riviera, Italy)

17. Sorn (Bangkok, Thailand)

18. Reale (Castel di Sangro, Italy)

19. The Chairman (Hong Kong)

20. Atelier Moessmer Norbert Niederkofler (Brunico, Italy)

21. Narisawa (Tokyo, Japan)

22. Suhring (Bangkok, Thailand)

23. Boragó (Santiago, Chile)

24. Elkano (Getaria, Spain)

25. Odette (Singapore)

26. Mérito (Lima, Peru)

27. Trèsind Studio (Dubai, UAE)

28. Lasai (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

29. Mingles (Seoul, South Korea)

30. Le Du (Bangkok, Thailand)

31. Le Calandre (Rubano, Italy)

32. Piazza Duomo (Alba, Italy)

33. Steirereck (Vienna, Austria)

34. Enigma (Barcelona, Spain)

35. Nusara (Bangkok, Thailand)

36. Florilège (Tokyo, Japan)

37. Orfali Bros (Dubai, UAE)

38. Frantzén (Stockholm, Sweden)

39. Mayta (Lima, Peru)

40. Septime (Paris, France)

41. Kadeau (Copenhagen, Denmark)

42. Belcanto (Lisbon, Portugal)

43. Uliassi (Senigallia, Italy)

44. La Cime (Osaka, Japan)

45. Arpege (Paris, France)

46. Rosetta (Mexico City, Mexico)

47. Vyn (Skillinge, Sweden)

48. Celele (Cartagena, Colombia)

49. Kol (London, England)

50. Restaurant Jan (Munich, Germany)

World’s best restaurant for 2025 revealed | CNN